Signals, Variables, and Constants

The three ways to store a value in VHDL: signal, variable, and constant — differences and usage.

The Three Storage Types

	Signal	Variable	Constant
Declaration	Architecture area or `port`	Inside a `process` or subprogram	Architecture, package
Update	After delta-cycle (deferred)	Immediate	Never (read-only)
Scope	Entire architecture	Process only	Architecture or global
Synthesis	Wire or register	Temporary variable	Synthesis constant

Signals

Signals are the wires of the circuit. They communicate between concurrent blocks.

architecture rtl of example is
  -- Declaration in the architecture area
  signal w_intermediate : std_logic;
  signal r_counter      : unsigned(7 downto 0) := (others => '0');
begin
  -- Signal assignments are deferred
  w_intermediate <= i_a AND i_b;
  o_result       <= w_intermediate OR i_c;
end architecture rtl;

Deferred Update (Delta-Cycle)

A signal is not updated immediately after its assignment — it will be updated at the next delta-cycle:

process(i_clk)
begin
  if rising_edge(i_clk) then
    r_a <= '1';
    r_b <= r_a;   -- r_b receives the OLD value of r_a!
    -- r_a and r_b are both updated after the process
  end if;
end process;

This simulates the real behavior of flip-flops: r_b follows r_a with a one-cycle delay.

Variables

Variables are temporary registers inside a process. Their update is immediate.

process(i_clk)
  variable v_temp : unsigned(8 downto 0);
  variable v_sum  : unsigned(7 downto 0);
begin
  if rising_edge(i_clk) then
    v_temp := unsigned('0' & i_a) + unsigned('0' & i_b);  -- immediate update
    v_sum  := v_temp(7 downto 0);                          -- v_temp already updated!
    r_result <= std_logic_vector(v_sum);
  end if;
end process;

Key Difference: Signal vs Variable in a Process

process(i_clk)
  variable v_x : std_logic;
begin
  if rising_edge(i_clk) then
    -- With variable (immediate update)
    v_x := i_data;    -- v_x takes i_data immediately
    o_y <= v_x;       -- o_y = i_data (synchronous, same cycle)
 
    -- With signal (deferred)
    -- w_x <= i_data;
    -- o_y <= w_x;    -- o_y = old value of w_x!
  end if;
end process;

Practical rule: use variables for intermediate calculations within a process. Use signals for communication between processes or blocks.

Constants

Constants are immutable values defined at compile time.

architecture rtl of uart is
  constant c_CLK_FREQ   : integer := 100_000_000;  -- 100 MHz
  constant c_BAUD_RATE  : integer := 115_200;
  constant c_DIVISOR    : integer := c_CLK_FREQ / c_BAUD_RATE;
  constant c_PREAMBLE   : std_logic_vector(7 downto 0) := x"55";
begin
  -- c_DIVISOR = 868 (computed at compile time)
end architecture rtl;

Constants in Packages

To share constants between files:

package pkg_common is
  constant c_DATA_WIDTH : integer := 8;
  constant c_ADDR_WIDTH : integer := 16;
end package pkg_common;
 
-- In another file
use work.pkg_common.all;

Decision Table

Situation	Use
Communication between processes	Signal
Intermediate value in a process	Variable
Fixed value used everywhere	Constant
Component port	Signal (port)
Synthesizable counter or register	Signal with `r_` prefix
Intermediate combinational calculation	Variable or `w_` signal

Recommended Prefixes

According to coding rules (course 07):

signal w_combinational : std_logic;       -- w_ = wire, unregistered
signal r_registered    : std_logic;       -- r_ = registered, flip-flop
constant c_MAX         : integer := 255;  -- c_ = constant
variable v_temp        : unsigned(7 downto 0); -- v_ = variable (internal use)